Leave for legal representation
procedural
BOTH
legal_representation_leave
branch: procedure
Synthesis · 620 tagged cases
620 tagged decisions (216 as primary). Of primary decisions, the most common outcome is '(unspecified)' (120, 56%).
Outcome distribution
| Outcome | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Resolved (unspecified) | 120 | 56% |
| For applicant granted | 32 | 15% |
| Resolved other | 30 | 14% |
| Against applicant dismissed | 29 | 13% |
| Resolved partial | 4 | 2% |
| Resolved adjourned | 1 | 0% |
By jurisdiction
| Court | n |
|---|---|
| Fair Work Commission | 391 |
| Single Commissioner (WAIRC) | 67 |
| Fair Work Commission (Full Bench) | 65 |
| Fair Work Australia (former) | 27 |
| Public Service Appeal Board (former) | 13 |
| Full Bench (WAIRC) | 10 |
| Fair Work Australia (Full Bench, former) | 9 |
| Federal Court of Australia | 8 |
| Industrial Magistrates Court | 7 |
| Commission in Court Session (WAIRC) | 7 |
| Federal Magistrates Court (former) | 4 |
| Industrial Appeal Court | 4 |
| WA Court of Appeal | 2 |
| IRCA | 2 |
| QIRC | 1 |
| WA Supreme Court | 1 |
| Federal Court (Full Court) | 1 |
| Federal Circuit Court of Australia | 1 |
Key articulated principles · 12
para 31 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
A decision to grant or refuse permission for a party to be represented by a lawyer pursuant to s596 cannot be properly characterised as a mere procedural decision, as it may fundamentally change the dynamics and manner in which a hearing is conducted.
para 32 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
The normal position is that a party must appear on their own behalf before Fair Work Australia, and this normal position may only be departed from where an application for permission has been made and resolved in accordance with law, specifically where one or more of the requirements imposed by s596(2) have been taken into account and considered.
para 32 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
Even if a request for representation is made and one or more of the requirements in s596(2) is satisfied, the satisfaction of any requirement is merely a condition precedent to the subsequent exercise of the discretion; s596(2) provides that FWA 'may grant permission' and satisfaction of the criteria need not automatically dictate that the discretion be exercised in favour of granting permission.
para 33 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
The appearance of lawyers to represent parties to a hearing runs the very real risk that what was intended by the legislature to be an informal procedure will be burdened by unnecessary formality.
para 18 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
A decision to grant or refuse permission for legal representation is a decision which may fundamentally change the dynamics of a hearing and is not a mere procedural decision; the legislative intent is that granting permission is far from a formal act, with the appearance of lawyers risking unnecessary formality in what was intended as an informal procedure.
para 14 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
A decision to grant or refuse permission for legal representation under s.596 fundamentally changes the dynamics and manner in which a hearing is conducted. The satisfaction of any s.596(2) requirement is a condition precedent to the exercise of discretion; meeting a requirement does not automatically dictate that permission must be granted.
para 11 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
A decision to grant or refuse permission for representation by a lawyer under s 596 cannot be characterised as a mere procedural decision; it fundamentally changes the dynamics and manner of a hearing. Permission may only be granted where the requirements of s 596(2) have been satisfied and considered.
para 4 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
Deciding whether to grant permission for legal representation is a two-step process: first, the Commission decides if at least one of the statutory requirements has been met and if so that activates the discretion about whether to give permission; second, the Commission decides whether to exercise the discretion and grant permission.
para 21 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
A decision to grant or refuse permission for a party to be represented by a lawyer pursuant to s.596 cannot be properly characterised as a mere procedural decision, and the legislative intent indicates that granting permission is far from a mere formal act.
para 8 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
A decision to grant or refuse permission for a party to be represented by a lawyer pursuant to s.596 is not a mere procedural decision but one that may fundamentally change the dynamics and manner of a hearing. Permission may be granted only if one of the requirements in s.596(2) is satisfied, and even satisfaction of those requirements does not automatically dictate that the discretion must be exercised in favour of granting permission.
para 11 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
A decision to grant or refuse permission for representation by a lawyer pursuant to s.596 is a decision which may fundamentally change the dynamics and manner in which a hearing is conducted; permission may only be granted where one or other of the requirements in s.596(2) is satisfied, and satisfaction of any requirement is a condition precedent to the exercise of discretion but does not automatically dictate permission must be granted.
para 7 — from [2013] FCA 291
Federal Court
A decision to grant or refuse permission for a party to be represented by a lawyer pursuant to s.596 cannot be properly characterised as a mere procedural decision; it is a decision which may fundamentally change the dynamics and manner in which a hearing is conducted. Permission may only be granted where one or other of the requirements in s.596(2) are satisfied, and even then satisfaction of any requirement need not of itself dictate that the discretion is automatically exercised in favour of granting permission.
Leading cases · by citation count
| Citation | Court | Role | Cited |
|---|---|---|---|
| [2013] FCA 291 | Federal Court | primary | 45 |
| [2009] FWA 572 | FWA (former) | primary | 11 |
| [2012] FWA 2966 | FWA (former) | primary | 10 |
| [2015] FWCFB 2679 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 8 |
| [2015] FWCFB 3502 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 6 |
| [2011] FWA 1520 | FWA (former) | primary | 6 |
| [2021] FWCFB 268 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 4 |
| [2010] FMCA 843 | FMCA (former) | primary | 4 |
All tagged cases · 200
| Citation | Court | Role | Date | Outcome | Cited |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [2013] FCA 291 | Federal Court | primary | 2013-04-04 | Resolved | 45 |
| [2009] FWA 572 | FWA (former) | primary | 2009-10-09 | Against applicant | 11 |
| [2012] FWA 2966 | FWA (former) | primary | 2012-04-10 | Resolved | 10 |
| [2015] FWCFB 2679 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2015-05-04 | For applicant | 8 |
| [2015] FWCFB 3502 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2015-06-05 | Against applicant | 6 |
| [2011] FWA 1520 | FWA (former) | primary | 2011-03-18 | Against applicant | 6 |
| [2021] FWCFB 268 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2021-01-20 | Against applicant | 4 |
| [2010] FMCA 843 | FMCA (former) | primary | 2010-11-05 | Against applicant | 4 |
| [2016] FWC 654 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 2 |
| [2016] FWC 2237 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Against applicant | 2 |
| [2016] FWC 2778 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 2 |
| [2016] FWC 4437 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Against applicant | 2 |
| [2015] FWC 3604 | FWC | primary | 2015-05-27 | Resolved | 2 |
| [2015] FWC 1221 | FWC | primary | 2015-01-01 | Resolved | 2 |
| [2013] FWC 3405 | FWC | primary | 2013-05-29 | Against applicant | 2 |
| [2012] FWAFB 6832 | FWAFB | primary | 2012-08-15 | Against applicant | 2 |
| [2012] FWA 5219 | FWA (former) | primary | 2012-06-19 | Against applicant | 2 |
| [2011] FMCA 440 | FMCA (former) | primary | 2011-06-13 | Resolved | 2 |
| [2010] FWA 1143 | FWA (former) | primary | 2010-02-17 | Resolved | 2 |
| 2025 WAIRC 00030 | Industrial Magistrates Court | primary | 2025-01-23 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2016] WAIRC 87 | WAIRC — Full Bench | primary | 2016-02-15 | Against applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 2614 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 529 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 355 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 699 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 948 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 1329 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 675 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 1627 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 1243 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 2072 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 1495 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 2359 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 2616 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 2300 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Against applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 2655 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 3128 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 3489 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 3747 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Against applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 4189 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 4589 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Against applicant | 1 |
| [2016] FWC 5034 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2015] FWC 892 | FWC | primary | 2015-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2015] FWC 903 | FWC | primary | 2015-01-01 | Against applicant | 1 |
| [2015] FWC 1147 | FWC | primary | 2015-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2015] FWC 1069 | FWC | primary | 2015-01-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2013] FWC 1320 | FWC | primary | 2013-03-01 | Against applicant | 1 |
| [2012] FWA 9906 | FWA (former) | primary | 2012-11-22 | Against applicant | 1 |
| [2012] FWA 7407 | FWA (former) | primary | 2012-10-09 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2012] WAIRC 291 | WAIRC — Single Commissioner | primary | 2012-05-10 | Against applicant | 1 |
| [2011] FWA 7583 | FWA (former) | primary | 2011-11-04 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2011] FWAFB 4909 | FWAFB | primary | 2011-08-01 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2011] FWA 2267 | FWA (former) | primary | 2011-04-21 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2011] FWA 1400 | FWA (former) | primary | 2011-03-03 | For applicant | 1 |
| [2011] FMCA 95 | FMCA (former) | primary | 2011-02-25 | Against applicant | 1 |
| [2010] FWA 4863 | FWA (former) | primary | 2010-07-01 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2010] FWA 912 | FWA (former) | primary | 2010-02-09 | Resolved | 1 |
| [2026] FWC 2598 | FWC | primary | 2026-07-08 | 0 | |
| [2026] FWC 2472 | FWC | primary | 2026-07-02 | 0 | |
| [2026] FWC 2027 | FWC | primary | 2026-06-02 | 0 | |
| [2026] FWC 401 | FWC | primary | 2026-01-01 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2026] FWC 399 | FWC | primary | 2026-01-01 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2026] FWCFB 18 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2026-01-01 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2025] FWCFB 195 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2025-09-02 | 0 | |
| 2025 WAIRC 00402 | Industrial Magistrates Court | primary | 2025-06-23 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2025] FWCFB 122 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2025-06-20 | 0 | |
| [2025] FWC 386 | FWC | primary | 2025-01-01 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2025] FWC 418 | FWC | primary | 2025-01-01 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2025] FWC 611 | FWC | primary | 2025-01-01 | Against applicant | 0 |
| [2025] FWC 633 | FWC | primary | 2025-01-01 | Against applicant | 0 |
| [2025] FWC 2198 | FWC | primary | 2025-01-01 | Resolved | 0 |
| [2025] FWC 3161 | FWC | primary | 2025-01-01 | Resolved | 0 |
| [2025] FWC 3405 | FWC | primary | 2025-01-01 | Against applicant | 0 |
| [2025] FWC 3829 | FWC | primary | 2025-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2025] FWCFB 193 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2025-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWCFB 429 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2024-11-13 | 0 | |
| [2024] WAIRC 951 | WAIRC — Single Commissioner | primary | 2024-11-05 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2024] WAIRC 850 | WAIRC — Single Commissioner | primary | 2024-09-26 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2024] FWCFB 369 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2024-09-13 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWCFB 85 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2024-02-15 | 0 | |
| [2024] QIRC 151 | QIRC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 366 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 435 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 1001 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 1049 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 1330 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 1335 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 1619 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 1658 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 1695 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 1900 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 1955 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 2200 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 2982 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 3209 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 3247 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 3430 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2024] FWC 3596 | FWC | primary | 2024-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWCFB 246 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2023-12-12 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWCFB 244 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2023-12-11 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWCFB 186 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2023-10-11 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWCFB 74 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2023-04-18 | 0 | |
| [2022] FWC 1904 | FWC | primary | 2023-02-07 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWCFB 28 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2023-02-07 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 373 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 377 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 1052 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 1373 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 1391 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 1775 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 2332 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 2444 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 2605 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 2663 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 2722 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 3044 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2023] FWC 3220 | FWC | primary | 2023-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2022] FWC 72 | FWC | primary | 2022-01-01 | 0 | |
| (2021) 101 WAIG | WAIRC — Single Commissioner | primary | 2021-11-19 | 0 | |
| [2021] FWCFB 1048 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2021-02-26 | 0 | |
| [2021] FWC 666 | FWC | primary | 2021-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2021] FWC 957 | FWC | primary | 2021-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWCFB 6388 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2020-11-27 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWCFB 5342 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2020-11-06 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWCFB 3804 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2020-07-20 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWCFB 884 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2020-02-19 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWCFB 6434 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2020-01-01 | Against applicant | 0 |
| [2020] FWCFB 5131 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2020-01-01 | Resolved | 0 |
| [2020] FWC 1961 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 2407 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 2878 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 3861 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 4052 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 4142 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 4319 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 4530 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 4701 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 5003 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 5059 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 5316 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2020] FWC 5335 | FWC | primary | 2020-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWCFB 5702 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2019-10-04 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWCFB 4253 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2019-08-21 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWC 1016 | FWC | primary | 2019-08-21 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWCFB 4023 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2019-07-12 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWCFB 4015 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2019-06-20 | Resolved | 0 |
| [2019] FWCFB 1250 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2019-03-14 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWC 45 | FWC | primary | 2019-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWC 1239 | FWC | primary | 2019-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWC 2782 | FWC | primary | 2019-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWC 3771 | FWC | primary | 2019-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWC 4573 | FWC | primary | 2019-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWC 4947 | FWC | primary | 2019-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWC 5020 | FWC | primary | 2019-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWC 5048 | FWC | primary | 2019-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2019] FWC 5320 | FWC | primary | 2019-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2018] FWCFB 6086 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2018-09-28 | 0 | |
| [2018] FWCFB 5698 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2018-09-10 | 0 | |
| [2018] FWCFB 5010 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2018-08-29 | 0 | |
| [2018] FWCFB 2752 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2018-06-05 | 0 | |
| [2018] WAIRC 314 | WAIRC — Single Commissioner | primary | 2018-05-22 | Resolved | 0 |
| [2018] FWCFB 1037 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2018-02-16 | 0 | |
| [2018] FWCFB 4362 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2018-01-01 | Against applicant | 0 |
| [2018] FWC 10 | FWC | primary | 2018-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2018] FWC 336 | FWC | primary | 2018-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2018] FWC 356 | FWC | primary | 2018-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2018] FWC 852 | FWC | primary | 2018-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2018] FWC 1124 | FWC | primary | 2018-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2018] FWCFB 1679 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2018-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2017] FWCFB 6847 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2017-12-19 | 0 | |
| [2017] FWCFB 2797 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2017-10-17 | Against applicant | 0 |
| [2017] WAIRC 147 | WAIRC — Single Commissioner | primary | 2017-03-15 | Resolved | 0 |
| [2016] FWCA 5277 | FWC | primary | 2017-02-01 | 0 | |
| [2017] FWC 3448 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | Against applicant | 0 |
| [2017] FWC 97 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | Resolved | 0 |
| [2017] FWC 186 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2017] FWC 805 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2017] FWC 610 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | Resolved | 0 |
| [2017] FWC 645 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | Resolved | 0 |
| [2017] FWC 888 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2017] FWC 2645 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2017] FWC 2702 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2017] FWC 3658 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2017] FWC 5108 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2017] FWC 5231 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2017] FWC 5304 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2017] FWC 5429 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2017] FWC 5885 | FWC | primary | 2017-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2017] FWCFB 660 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2017-01-01 | 0 | |
| [2016] FWCFB 2814 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2016-05-10 | 0 | |
| [2016] FWC 2650 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Resolved | 0 |
| [2016] FWC 2706 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | Resolved | 0 |
| [2016] FWC 4529 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2016] FWC 4890 | FWC | primary | 2016-01-01 | For applicant | 0 |
| [2015] FWCFB 6788 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2015-11-18 | 0 | |
| [2015] FWCFB 7378 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2015-10-28 | 0 | |
| [2015] FWCFB 2618 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2015-06-19 | Against applicant | 0 |
| [2014] FWCA 3338 | FWC | primary | 2014-10-28 | 0 | |
| [2014] FWCFB 7097 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2014-10-28 | 0 | |
| [2014] FWCFB 2857 | FWC — Full Bench | primary | 2014-05-19 | 0 |